Security Industry Research Paper Essay Example

Security Industry Research Paper Essay The scope for the security industry Is vast as there are a number of different types of security officer titles as well as sites. Sites that require security can range from an office building to a construction site. However, regardless of the site location all officers generally conduct patrols of their designated area either on foot, bicycle or vehicle to ensure personal are safe and the location is secure against fire, theft, vandalism or any other illegal activity (Paladin Security, 2013). If an emergency situation was to occur or an regularity was spotted during a patrol, the appropriate personnel would be contacted. Depending on the seventy of the Issue this could mean contacting anyone from a direct supervisor to the fire department, ambulance or police (Paladin Security, 2013). It is also important that officers enforce safety codes, regulations, and procedures (Paladin Security, 2013). Products Made The security officer industry can be broken down into two components. These components are professional security guards, and mobile officers. Security guards are permanently stationed at sites the inure time a client has requested a security recent. A security presence Is Ideal to deter criminal actively (Paladin security 2012). Mobile officers on the other hand, are not positioned at the site for the whole 10 or 12-hour shift. Mobile officers will visit multiple sites in a shift either randomly or at pre-designated times (Paladin Security, 2012). Regardless of which officer or guard is chosen, both produce the same level of security. Property is regularly checked and secured. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Industry Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Security Industry Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Security Industry Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These patrols reduce the chances of windows and doors being tampered with in addition to force entry (Paladin Security, 2012). When applicable, ours that need to be locked or unlocked at specific times are taken care of and critical gauges are monitored periodically (Paladin Security, 2012). All sites are produced with security personal that is able to formulate intelligent on-the-spot judgments and take quick and effective action when time is a main factor (Paladin Security, 2012). Both of these components produce security solutions for their clients, such as public protection and securing assets (Guard Inc, 2010). Employment In the United States there are 1 713 250 individuals employed in the security industry n some type of capacity as of 2009 (Waitress, 2012). This includes anything from guard patrols to the individuals who operate x-ray machines and medal detector equipment (Waitress, 2012). Between 2010 and 2020 the employment rate of security guards is expected to increase by 18. 8 percent (Waitress, 2012). This is much quicker than all the other occupations, which have an average growth rate of 14. 3-percent (Waitress, 2012). Injury Statistics The security industry is one of the most dangerous occupations. It is no wonder that in 2009 63 security guards suffered fatal work injuries, while roughly 8 920 fell victim o illnesses or nonfatal injuries at the workplace, that involved at least one day off from work (Workplace safety for security guards, 2012). Although the amount of officers that experienced illnesses or nonfatal work injuries seems quite high, it is nearly the same rate as all other occupations (Workplace safety for security guards, 2012). The rate of fatal injuries at the workplace on the other hand, was more than double of workers in general (Workplace safety for security guards, 2012). Both fatal and nonfatal injuries were commonly a result of assaults. However, some nonfatal injuries were often due to falls. These types of injuries can appear at any time during the day or night, but more often than not they take place in the evening and overnight (Workplace safety for security guards, 2012). Industry Processes Typical Processes There are many processes security firms go through to ensure that their employees and clients are safe. Some processes are typical, which means that every security company must follow them. An example of one of these typical processes would be the licensing process. Under the Security Services and Investigators Act, all persons hat want to become security officers must obtain an individual security license first (Government of Alberta, 2013). In order to receive this security license individuals must provide a clean criminal record check with the vulnerable sector checked, as well as complete the required 40 hours of Alberta Basic Security Training (ABS) and pass the exam with 80% or higher (Government of Alberta, 2013). The Solicitor Generals office must approve both the trainer for the course and the exam facilitator (Government of Alberta, 2013). Another example of a typical process would be standard safety training. Although the law does not require it, almost every security company provokes It once an employee passes tenet BASIS course teen generally go through the training process for first aid and CPRM classes as well as take a non-crisis intervention course before they can report to work (Paladin Security, 2012). These typical processes are put in place to ensure the safety of both officers and those they are protecting. Specific Processes Specific processes are any additional processes that are needed for companies to perform a certain duty. For instance the company that takes care of the security in capitals or the airport screening must put their employees through additional training so they are equipped with the tools to deal with different hazards that could present themselves. Healthcare security guards for example, go through 40 to 120 hours of extensive healthcare specific training on top of the many hours of basic training they are required to take (Paladin Security, 2013). Equipment Used There are many different types of equipment officers may carry on their persons at any given time. However, the form of equipment depends on what the company they re working for is licensed for, in addition to what their personal security license authorizes. Equipment can range to anything from a flashlight to a weapon. This is because there are many different positions in the security industry. Security guards that transfer large amounts of money are likely to carry weapons such as a gun or baton as well as a safety vest, those in the healthcare sector would likely carry handcuffs to restrain patients that are at high risk to cause harm to themselves and/ or others (Government of Alberta, 2006). Though there are some items that are aimed t particular sites there are some pieces of equipment that are common among all officers such as, flashlights for patrols, radios to communicate with managers and monitoring centers, and of course a first aid kit (Fuller, 2013). Industry Hazards Process Hazards and Related Occupational Injuries and Diseases The security industry has many hazards related to its processes and daily responsibilities. Most security processes are related to training, and although a majority of training takes place in a classroom setting there is some training that is hands on, such as handcuff training. With any training that is physical, there is a chance for injures to occur. Even with classroom training there can be injuries if workstations are not set up in a manor to minimize stress on the body(Victorian Government). When the employees do make it to their Job sites injuries can occur from violent assaults, having to stand for long periods of time and loud noises from construction sites or concerts(Victorian Government). There are also a large number of injuries caused by falls as a result to inadequate lighting or uneven ground, as mentioned earlier(Victorian Government). Industry Controls and Standards Applicable Legislation The Canadian Government has legislation in place called the Security Services and Investigators Act, which set an industry-wide standard across the province(Government of Alberta, 2011). This act spells out the process individuals need to follow in order to get their license. Whether it is a general security license or one for guard dog handling, every license process is listed(Government of Alberta, 2006). Along with licensing facts, there are also details on how employers are to deal with complaints against individual license holders in addition to business license holders(Government of Alberta, 2006). Specifics on the proper use of equipment, unlooses Ana ventricle markings are also outlined In ten act(ova ornament AT AY 2006). The Security Services and Investigators Regulation is an additional document, which describes how the law will be managed and enforced(Government of Alberta, 2011). As mentioned earlier, the Job description for individuals in the security industry can be quite varied, and so are the settings in which their skills and knowledge are applied. Issues may arise that result in guards performing duties that are rooted from legislations such as Gaming and Liquor Act and Regulation; Trespass o Premises Act; and Petty Trespass Act(Government of Alberta, 2011). These acts were developed not only to protect the security industry but the public as well. Codes of Practice and Control Programs Used in or Designed for this Industry The Criminal Code of Canada is a detailed document that indicates behaviors that are considered to be illegal or unlawful acts(Government of Alberta, 2011). The Criminal Code illustrates what can or cannot be done with respect to arresting persons, searching persons or property, and using force to control a situation(Government of Alberta, 2011). Furthermore, if the limit of these acts are ever exceeded the consequences of doing so are also outlined. In addition to the governments steps to protect, the security industry has policies and procedures in place for employees to follow for everyones safety. For example, a guard working at a one-man site has to radio their control center on an hourly basis, and mobile officers check in on the guard at their site regularly throughout their shift. Conclusion The security industry has many variables in terms of positions but even with that being said their main focus is always safety.

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training 5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training Advanced PowerPoint training is important for college students. However, finding the right course is equally essential because you actually need to learn some useful skills. Below you can find the list of 5 online courses that will help you to learn the ropes of the key advanced PowerPoint features: Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Virtual Training Company With this training, students can learn to create presentations, edit presentations and collaborate on them no matter where they are. Students can make their ideas really shine when they integrate various fonts and themes for their presentations, incorporate animations, and even in bed videos. PowerPoint provides students with multiple templates for different reports, portfolios and educational presentations that they have to make. Eye-Catching Presentations Using PowerPoint by Udemy With this course, students can look over different templates from other users and they can create new presentations from anywhere even if they dont have an Internet connection by way of using their phone, tablet, or computer. Students can work collectively at the same time on a single PowerPoint slide. PowerPoint 2016 (Office 365) by Learn IT Anytime This particular training is great for students who are more advanced in their PowerPoint familiarity. Students who are tasked with preparing a handful of slides which they will contribute to a larger group presentation can all work together on the same presentation document. They can collaborate in real-time, make edits, keep track of their edits and revisions, and communicate with other users while they are doing it. All of the changes which are made are sorted by date and by the person who made the different changes so any reviews versions of the same presentation can be viewed by every user. Beginner to Pro in PowerPoint by Udemy Students who need specialized training for a certain class, say, in finance or business, can learn all about the different charts and graph features available to presenting data. If one student is using PowerPoint for their contribution to the group project, it can be opened by other students, edited, and saved to the presentation. In addition to this, students can present their final work without a huge set up. PowerPoint is supported by almost any device in the classroom. Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Alison With this training, students will learn to use shortcuts, templates, and all of the inbuilt features of the program. Students and teachers can insert images and videos into the presentation which are relevant to the demonstration of their knowledge and subject, and all of this information can be published within a website. This extends far beyond the classroom and allows administrators and teachers alike to create presentations and then post them to a classroom or academic institution webpage that is created through the same Google applications. This information might be something applicable to the student body, to a department, or to a classroom individually. In the end, PowerPoint functions as a presentation application which allows students and teachers to show off the work that theyve completed in a very visually appealing manner. This way students, teachers, and administrators alike can create presentations and edit them as they prefer. They can edit existing presentations with friends, peers, or coworkers, and share an existing presentation with one another in an effortless fashion. Users can import PowerPoint files of any format and convert them to a presentation. All presentations can be downloaded as a presentation format using a PDF, PowerPoint, JPEG, or text file. Overall, you can always contact professional PowerPoint presentation writing services provided by our company.

Andrew Jackson Democracy

He did uphold the principles of the majority rule and not of the supremacy of the government. The bank and its branches received federal funding and they were to be used for public purpose by serving as a cushion for the ups and downs of the economy. Biddle, head of the bank, managed it effectively. But his arrogance led many, including Jackson, to believe that Biddle was abusing his power and was serving the interests of the wealthy. As a result, Jackson declared the bank to be unconstitutional even though it was previously said to be constitutional. In the election of 1832, Clay wanted to challenge Jackson on the issue by trying to persuade Congress to pass a bank re-charter-bill. Jackson vetoed it, saying that it was a private monopoly and that it favored the wealthy, and in turn led to the backfire of Clay’s plan. The majority of the voters agreed on his attack on the â€Å"hydra of corruption. † And as a result of this issue, Jackson got the majority of the votes and won the election. In his second term Jackson killed the national bank by vetoing its re-charter and by removing all of its money. In his veto message Jackson said â€Å"But when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gratuities, and exclusive privileges to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society who have neither the time nor the means of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustices of their government†. He then took the money and put it into so called â€Å"pet banks† that were located throughout various state banks. He did this because he did not uphold to the ideas of the federal supremacy. Jackson is usually for state’s rights, but not if it leads towards disunion. That is exactly what happened in the issue of nullification. Around 1828 the legislation of South Carolina declared that the Tariff of Abominations, which was and increased tariff, was unconstitutional. According to Calhoun, Jackson’s vice-president, and his nullification theory, each state had the right to decide whether or not to obey it or to declare it void. Daniel Webster, of Mass. , debated against Hayne and attacked the idea that any state could leave the Union. Jackson believed that the Union should be preserved. South Carolina held a convention to nullify both the tariff of 1828 and the newly formed tariff of 1832. The convention determined that the collection of tariffs within a state is against the constitution. Jackson didn’t like this, so he forced military action by persuading the Congress the pass a so-called Force bill to give him authority to use military action in South Carolina. But the troops did not go. Jackson decided to open up for compromise and to lower the tariff. Jackson did not uphold to the principle of majority to rule in this case because it only dealt with one state, but he did for the supremacy of the federal government. In the case of the removal of the Native Americans, the statement is valid. Jackson’s view on democracy did not extend to the Native Americans. Like the majority he did sympathize with the land-hungry citizens who desperately wanted to take over lands held by the Indians. Jackson thought that the reasonable answer was to require the Native Americans to leave their homeland and head towards west of the Mississippi. He signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which forced a resettlement of many thousand Native Americans. In 1831 the Cherokees challenged Georgia in the courts, but the Supreme Court ruled in this case (Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia) that the Cherokee’s where not a foreign nation and couldn’t sue in a federal court. In a second case, Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory. In a dispute between state’s rights and federal courts, Jackson sided with the states. He said, â€Å"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it. † In a statement by Edward Everett, he said, â€Å"The Indians, as was natural, looked to the United States for protection. They came first to the President, deeming, and rightly, that it was his duty to afford them this protection. They knew he had but one constitutional duty to perform toward the treaties and laws – the duty of executing them. He informed them that he had no power, in his view of the rights of the States; prevent their extending their laws over the Indians. This shows that he upheld the principle of the federal supremacy because he abided. Many presidents that have served in the U. S. have had criticisms against them because of the actions they have performed, Jackson being one of them. The validity of the criticism against Jackson varies with the issues regarding the re-charter of the bank, the nullification crisis and the removal of the Native Americans. His presidency chan ged the way that we look at presidents today. Andrew Jackson Democracy He did uphold the principles of the majority rule and not of the supremacy of the government. The bank and its branches received federal funding and they were to be used for public purpose by serving as a cushion for the ups and downs of the economy. Biddle, head of the bank, managed it effectively. But his arrogance led many, including Jackson, to believe that Biddle was abusing his power and was serving the interests of the wealthy. As a result, Jackson declared the bank to be unconstitutional even though it was previously said to be constitutional. In the election of 1832, Clay wanted to challenge Jackson on the issue by trying to persuade Congress to pass a bank re-charter-bill. Jackson vetoed it, saying that it was a private monopoly and that it favored the wealthy, and in turn led to the backfire of Clay’s plan. The majority of the voters agreed on his attack on the â€Å"hydra of corruption. † And as a result of this issue, Jackson got the majority of the votes and won the election. In his second term Jackson killed the national bank by vetoing its re-charter and by removing all of its money. In his veto message Jackson said â€Å"But when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gratuities, and exclusive privileges to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society who have neither the time nor the means of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustices of their government†. He then took the money and put it into so called â€Å"pet banks† that were located throughout various state banks. He did this because he did not uphold to the ideas of the federal supremacy. Jackson is usually for state’s rights, but not if it leads towards disunion. That is exactly what happened in the issue of nullification. Around 1828 the legislation of South Carolina declared that the Tariff of Abominations, which was and increased tariff, was unconstitutional. According to Calhoun, Jackson’s vice-president, and his nullification theory, each state had the right to decide whether or not to obey it or to declare it void. Daniel Webster, of Mass. , debated against Hayne and attacked the idea that any state could leave the Union. Jackson believed that the Union should be preserved. South Carolina held a convention to nullify both the tariff of 1828 and the newly formed tariff of 1832. The convention determined that the collection of tariffs within a state is against the constitution. Jackson didn’t like this, so he forced military action by persuading the Congress the pass a so-called Force bill to give him authority to use military action in South Carolina. But the troops did not go. Jackson decided to open up for compromise and to lower the tariff. Jackson did not uphold to the principle of majority to rule in this case because it only dealt with one state, but he did for the supremacy of the federal government. In the case of the removal of the Native Americans, the statement is valid. Jackson’s view on democracy did not extend to the Native Americans. Like the majority he did sympathize with the land-hungry citizens who desperately wanted to take over lands held by the Indians. Jackson thought that the reasonable answer was to require the Native Americans to leave their homeland and head towards west of the Mississippi. He signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which forced a resettlement of many thousand Native Americans. In 1831 the Cherokees challenged Georgia in the courts, but the Supreme Court ruled in this case (Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia) that the Cherokee’s where not a foreign nation and couldn’t sue in a federal court. In a second case, Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory. In a dispute between state’s rights and federal courts, Jackson sided with the states. He said, â€Å"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it. † In a statement by Edward Everett, he said, â€Å"The Indians, as was natural, looked to the United States for protection. They came first to the President, deeming, and rightly, that it was his duty to afford them this protection. They knew he had but one constitutional duty to perform toward the treaties and laws – the duty of executing them. He informed them that he had no power, in his view of the rights of the States; prevent their extending their laws over the Indians. This shows that he upheld the principle of the federal supremacy because he abided. Many presidents that have served in the U. S. have had criticisms against them because of the actions they have performed, Jackson being one of them. The validity of the criticism against Jackson varies with the issues regarding the re-charter of the bank, the nullification crisis and the removal of the Native Americans. His presidency chan ged the way that we look at presidents today.

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment Essay

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment - Essay Example technological advancements and the improved knowledge in scientific fields, the deductions and conclusions made by scientists have proven to be accurate and even in some instanced averted disasters in the recent past. Therefore, for future heads of state to prevent future disasters from affecting the inhabitants of their respective countries, they ought to turn to scientists for counsel regarding certain issues of national security. It is necessary for them to display some level of scientific consciousness and edge themselves with qualified advice-givers to be able to make more profound long term decisions (Muller, 2010). Environmental consciousness and strategic prowess in decision making would be very vital tools in determining the success of our future leaders in safeguarding the planet. The comprehension and understanding of science, acts like a compass to our frontrunners directing them to making the most appropriate decisions. There exists pandemonium all over the globe and the urgent matters resulting to all the confusion, ought to be looked into by our leaders and appropriate decisions be made on how to tackle these matters. The comprehension and understanding of science by our prime ministers and presidents is most vital due to the environmental disasters that are looming, due to the way human being are continuously destroying and polluting the environment. Radicals have made it their goal in life to use the obliviousness of the ignorant leaders as a weapon against them. Resulting to individuals living in constant fear, these radials involve themselves in acts of terrorism. They are using ungrounded justifications as explanations to fulfill their own selfish desires. It is up to our future leaders to put under control such delicate issues without resulting to additional collateral damage. The utmost danger is that of extremists acquiring nuclear armaments and weaponries. Deterrence from these catastrophes is beneficial to each and every one of us.

Are U.S. CEOs overpaid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are U.S. CEOs overpaid - Research Paper Example Even if they did not occupy such positions, people with a firm educational background and effective leadership skills should be paid much more than the rest of the population. The public’s outcry is not entirely misguided; nonetheless, there are facts supporting the high earnings entitled to the CEOs and it remains unclear whether capping CEO salaries will contribute to business success. This paper explores whether US CEOs are overpaid. Statistics According to Kaplan, US CEOs are arguably overpaid (6). According to Walsh, some of the potential triggers of the ‘excessive’ salaries of CEOs include; too much influence, negligent boards of directors, weak compensation consultants, and formulation of salary scales through stock options among others (73). According to Kay and Van Putten, in 1970, the average Chief Executive Officer earned about $700,000 (189). The amount was 25 times the earning of an average production employee. Three decades later, CEO salaries had ri sen to almost $2.2 million, 90 times more than the salary of an average worker (Kay, and Van Putten, 190). Kaplan argues that with an increase in the value of stocks and other allowance, the average CEO currently earns between 250-500 times the average employee’s salaries (7). ... Any employee in the technology industry is aware this average salary would hardly hire a well-educated administrative staff in technology-intensive sectors in the United States. According to Thomas and Hill, current CEOs serve shorter terms compared to CEOs of the late twentieth century, hence the sharp rise in the earnings (19). The high rise in CEO salaries may be attributed to the fact that the officers are uncertain about what would happen next. Capitalism seems to have entered the corporate sector to the level that CEO may see it better to earn as much as they can when in such positions (Kay, and Van Putten 191). According to Walsh, today’s CEOs are virtually carrying out the same duties as their predecessors who earned a much less, but this is not the case with line workers (75). Whereas, the salary gap between a top executive and the average employee calls for a review of the rules to narrow it, Kaplan argues that rectifying the discrepancy may not be achieved (6). Owin g to the fact that CEO salaries top the list of salary scales in most organizations, theirs tend to be fodder to the media. Less widely covered is the substantial salary disparity between employees and junior executive remunerations. It differs by sector, but in most firms, the salary discrepancy becomes clear at the immediate CEO subordinates. At this point the analysts move into a lower pay level, but significant disparities in salary still subsist between a senior executive and a CEO (Kay, and Van Putten 122-127). Relating the average worker pay to CEOs For easier understanding of the salary scale of the average employee in the US, it would be appropriate to analyze all aspects of their salary; wage, shift gap,

The resistance of the wire will be measured Essay Example for Free

The resistance of the wire will be measured Essay There were 3 types accuracy equipment we used:   Ruler which was accurate to + or 1mm   Ammeter which was accurate to + or 0. 01 amps Voltmeter which was accurate to + or 0. 01 volts To make sure our results were fair we did each result 3 times, worked out a resistance and then worked out the final resistance. Making it Fair We did certain things to keep the investigation fair:   We used the same lengths of wire each time. We used the same current each time.   We used the same material each time. Safety To make our investigation as safe as possible, we tried work in a safe and tidy environment which was not overcrowded. We also worked with less than 1 amp because it might overheat and there would be a danger of burning. We switched off the power when we were changing the wires to avoid getting burned. We did not cut the wire from the reel to avoid getting cut. Results We have tested constantan in this investigation. Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 24 swg Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 26 swg 7 Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 28 swg Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average   Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average   Conclusion The results in all the tables show that the resistance increases each time the length of the wire is increased, as shown in all of the tables above. The length of the wire affects the resistance of the wire because the number of atoms in the wire increases as the length of the wire increases. The resistance of a wire depends on the number of collisions the electrons have with the atoms of the material, so if there is a larger number of atoms there will be a larger number of collisions, which will increase the resistance of the wire. Evaluation After doing this experiment, I have come up with a reliable set of results. Even though I have achieved a good set of results there are obviously going to be errors, which I have made that could affect the investigation. The errors that I came across were, the wire was very hard to get straight and had bends, the voltmeter was only accurate to two decimal places so the voltage was flickering which made it hard to tell what the exact number was. To make my accuracy better we could have done more than ten lengths, done each result more than three times, used ammeter and voltmeter sensor. We could also have used different cross sectional areas or use different materials. I think my graph was good to look at but there are still one or two anomalous results which could have been caused by accuracy measuring instruments which we could have improved. To support my conclusion I could do some extra work like testing more materials to see what other materials it would work with. We could test more length to see if the graph will rise in proportion or will there be a point where the graph will bend and the resistance will not go any higher. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Courtship Vs. Dating Essays -- essays research papers

Courtship - the act of wooing Woo - to ask in marriage; to court, to solicit eagerly; to seek to gain. You ask, â€Å"What in the world is Courtship?† Let me start by saying it is our country’s dating problem solution. Not too long ago, Christian parents along with their youth had realized the need to re-map the route to fruitful, God-ordained marriages. The result has been a push particularly among homeschoolers, to return to the more biblical principals of courtship. Simply defined, courtship is a reformed version of dating under the supervision of parents between a man and a woman who are ready to marry in the near future. In consumer terms, contemporary dating is the equivalent to window-shopping and courtship is shopping w/ cash in hand under the direction of experienced buyers. The te...

The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values

The history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions declared new social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. In history, this happened many times, as in the case of the Athenian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usually offered alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing civilizations.However, some ideologies became the background for advancing rationalism and progress. Out of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenment clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the innate greatness of man, his love for liberalism, and his drive towards order and self-regula tion. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal values both in the state and the society. This can be done in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, then the only answer is revolution. Here, the term â€Å"revolution† acquires a positive character.Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually accepted by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They saw the Enlightenment as vital to the survival of European civilization and advancement of science and technology. A civilized way of life can only be maintained so long as the â€Å"spirit of times† matches the needs of the populations. As one will see later, the values advanced by the Enlightenme nt were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century.Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and its DiscontentsAccording to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the conflict between sexual need and social mores. The former is the source of mankind’s libidinal energy; expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately aggression. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his violent impulses.Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions about the nature of man and civilization. Some of his assertions are as follows:1) Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. â€Å"Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowmentà ¢â‚¬  (Freud:1930/1989:51).2)Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promises;3)And, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man: â€Å"the greatest impediment to civilization† (Freud, 1930/1989:58).Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to subdue their â€Å"feeling of obedience to social mores† to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were revealed as savage beasts to whom â€Å"the thought of sparing their own kind as alien† (Freud, 1930/1989:54).Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is forced to use violent means to curb the threat; a form of violent reprisal of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the â€Å"outlaw.†Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle.â€Å"Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to employ violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed.The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hardship and suffering we have been caused in life through their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to reproach culture with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable; but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it may be misused to make an opening for it† (Freud, 1930/1989:61).Conrad’s Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men; a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deterioration of social norms.In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz, found his way in conflict with the natives and the ship’s manager over the value of the ivory tusks.â€Å"The manager enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamer’s deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive headdresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks’ worth of ornaments.The Russian implies that she is Kurtz’s mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The trader’s comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans† (Conrad, 1971:27).Other Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competi tors.Philosophically speaking, the story presented the staggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He accused the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the basic principles of civilization; the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the manner Freud assumed it was academic).Thadeus Borowitz’ This Way for the Gas Ladies and GentlemanBorowitz thesis can be summed up as follows: violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this book, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitler’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question.Fear erased all the hopes of survival for t he Jews. Death was the only way to surrender one’s claim to this world; the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author emphasized the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequences:1)Fear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world; a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration.2)Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence.3)Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of loved ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. â€Å"Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment.†SummaryFreud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man: violence. Violence can destroy values which have been cheri shed since the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the message differed. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical.ReferencesBorowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. New York: Penguin Books.Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton & Company; Reissue edition. The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values The history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions declared new social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. In history, this happened many times, as in the case of the Athenian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usually offered alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing civilizations.However, some ideologies became the background for advancing rationalism and progress. Out of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenment clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the innate greatness of man, his love for liberalism, and his drive towards order and self-regula tion. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal values both in the state and the society. This can be done in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, then the only answer is revolution. Here, the term â€Å"revolution† acquires a positive character.Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually accepted by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They saw the Enlightenment as vital to the survival of European civilization and advancement of science and technology. A civilized way of life can only be maintained so long as the â€Å"spirit of times† matches the needs of the populations. As one will see later, the values advanced by the Enlightenme nt were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century.Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and its DiscontentsAccording to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the conflict between sexual need and social mores. The former is the source of mankind’s libidinal energy; expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately aggression. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his violent impulses.Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions about the nature of man and civilization. Some of his assertions are as follows.Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. â€Å"Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowmentâ₠¬  (Freud:1930/1989:51).Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promises;And, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man: â€Å"the greatest impediment to civilization† (Freud, 1930/1989:58).Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to subdue their â€Å"feeling of obedience to social mores† to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were revealed as savage beasts to whom â€Å"the thought of sparing their own kind as alien† (Freud, 1930/1989:54).Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is forced to use violent means to curb the threat; a form of violent reprisa l of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the â€Å"outlaw.†Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle.â€Å"Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to employ violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed. The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hardship and suffering we have been caused in life through their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to reproach cultu re with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable; but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it may be misused to make an opening for it† (Freud, 1930/1989:61).Conrad’s Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men; a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deterioration of social norms.In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz, found his way in conflict with the natives and the ship’s manager over the value of the ivory tusks.â€Å"The manager enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamer’s deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive headdresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks’ worth of ornaments. The Russian implies that she is Kurtz’s mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The trader’s comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans† (Conrad, 1971:27).Other Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competitors. Philosophically speaking, the story presented the staggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He accused the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the basic principles of civilization; the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the manner Freud assumed it was academic).Thadeus Borowitz’ This Way for the Gas Ladies and GentlemanBorowitz thesis can be summed up as follows: violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this book, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitler’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question.Fear erased all the hopes of survival for the Je ws. Death was the only way to surrender one’s claim to this world; the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author emphasized the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequences:Fear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world; a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration. Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence. Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of loved ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. â€Å"Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment.† SummaryFreud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man: violence. Violence can destroy values which have been cherished sin ce the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the message differed. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical.ReferencesBorowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. New York: Penguin Books.Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton & Company; Reissue edition.

Corporate University in China Essay

The concept of corporate university (CU) in China is a recent phenomenon although it existed more than eight decades in the western world. Literature reviews indicate that CU is an independent professional-managed entity proactively providing learning intervention in the workplace. With the ownership of the corporation, CU embedded culture and optimized learning through commitment to strategic intent in order to meet organizational objectives. The concept of â€Å"training† has to be redefined. The major key role of CU is to facilitate both individuals and organization to become â€Å"efficient learner† in order to maintain competitiveness in the ever-changing of business environment. Since the start of economic reform in 1978, the Chinese economy has enjoyed a dramatic growth. In 2002 alone, China attracted over US$52.7 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), surpassing the US. The drastic economic growth and the fundamental structural change in China as a result of government policies, globalization and technological advances will continue to drive the demand for training and competency development. Both local and foreign-invested corporations seek the CU concept as the strategic solution. There are many reasons for corporations establish CU; however, the primary one is to facilitate corporate objectives and support business strategies. Studies on HRM suggest different models vary across different countries. A direct copy from western model might cause ineffective and inefficient. A comprehensive understanding on the CU meaning, how it operates, and its roles are important. In addition, consideration of local elements is necessary in adopting CU in China. Major Chinese characteristics with current corporate situation and issues should be identified. Evidences support that the Chinese contextual variables and their CU motives impact the strategies and development of CU in China. Adapted from Prince & Beaver’s conceptual CU Wheel model, a priori China CU framework encompassed the unique characteristics of China is formulated in an attempt to describe the key functions that an â€Å"ideal† type of CU in China should perform. Based on the theoretical assumptions, the four core subsystems include learning and teaching process, networks and partnership, accreditation system, and marketing process constitute the main elements of the CU process. They work collaboratively with the common goal of supporting business goals and strategies. The two cultural elements, â€Å"guanxi† and â€Å"mianzi†, work as catalyst or lubricator to enhance the effectiveness and coordination. The priori CU framework brings new insight to the CU development in China. Research is performed to test the relevance of this framework across the three major forms of ownership. To achieve the research objectives, an exploratory and descriptive approach is used. This study adopts a qualitative case-methodology based on the in-depth interviews, previously collected data through questionnaires and documentary analysis. The three study cases include: 1. Taikang Business University (TBU) – a joint-venture enterprise with foreign investment; 2. Motorola University, China (MUC) – a wholly foreign-owned multi-national corporation (MNC); 3. X Academy, a state-owned enterprise (SOE) To delimit the study, each case covers background information, its objectives and roles, core portfolio, and the relevance of the priori framework. Challenges and issues of each case organization are addressed as well. A cross-case analysis of the three case organizations is used to identify the similarities and differences. The diffusion of CU practices varies with the investment form and the foreign equity stake. The study provides evident that both the MNC and joint venture case organizations with foreign investment are more mature in their CU process. The integration and coordination of the four core processes that constitute the priori CU framework are strongly evident. A hybrid model of CU practices is adopted with the convergence of practices from the parent country operation and the divergence of practices for the China context. On the other hand, the CU development of the SOE case is less developed. It can be explained that most of SOEs in China lack western management know-how and resources. Some CU sub-processes or practices of the priori CU framework are either missing or too weak in the SOE case. It has been facing problems at the CU evolution. Misconception on training, lack of support from upper management, lack of CU understanding, unable to demonstrate the CU value, ineffective learning process, and the cultural gap are the major issues and challenges for CUs in China. Improvements have to be made before CU can really take off in organizations in China. Recommendations with reference to the priori CU framework are made. Additional comments on CU strategies are given for local enterprises and the foreign-invested organization. It is evident that some CUs such as Motorola University China (MUC) perform a range of strategic functions in China. Among all, it can be summarized into two major categories: developing people and developing business. Although developing people is the most common motive for the CU establishment, the CU strategic orientation towards market-driven and profit-driven is more evident and justifiable to most Chinese enterprises. The CU strategies and practices are highly influenced by the political, economic and cultural characteristics of China. It would be difficult to apply a single CU model to all CU phenomena. Despite the limitation, the priori CU framework can still be used as a tool to describe the current situation in the CU scene in China. It encompasses the unique characteristics of China CU, capable of providing the direction to the CU operations and practices. This research raises a number of issues upon which subsequent research efforts can be expended as follow: 1. Besides the forms of ownership, other company variables such as the industry types, leadership style, corporation sizes, and corporate culture might affect the CU development and practices. Further, the CU strategies and practices are highly influenced by the political, economic and cultural characteristics of China. To what extent these contextual variables influence the CU adoption in China? 2. The major motive for local enterprises to establish CU is to drive corporate-wide initiative, reinforcing and perpetuating behavior towards internationalization. So how do the local corporations, particularly state-owned enterprise, change their traditional view to more global perspective in order to run a successful CU? 3. Different foreign-invested corporations adopt different local strategy. Some focus on globalizing the China operation whilst others prefer to adopt a complete localization approach. Does the local strategy adopted by the foreign-invested corporation affect the CU strategy and development? 4. The dynamic business environment in China creates a constant change phenomenon in corporate strategies. How does CU support the changing corporate strategies and maintain its agility? How does CU demonstrate its value in China? With a large population, fast and rapid growing economy and constant improvement of its people’s living standard, corporations in China enjoy tremendous market potentials. CU definitely has an important role in China. However, a successful CU requires continuously learning and self-reflective. The evolution of CU involves ongoing values, trust, respect, commitment, integrity and enthusiasm. The priori CU framework, to a certain extent, can be used as a tool to explain the current situation in the CU scene in China. With more understanding on the CU practices and development in China, it will benefit both organization decision makers and educational providers to evaluate their responses to what is clearly a growing phenomenon.

What forms of criticisms have essays

What forms of criticisms have essays What forms of criticisms have been given to the process known as globalisation? In 1972 George Modelski used the term globalisation to refer explicitly to European-led expansion to gain control over other communities in the world and integrate these into one global trading system . Although the term globalisation was not coined until the late twentieth century, the concept of a globalised intra-trading market is certainly not new. Bernard Waites contends that the process of Europeanisation (the spread of the European economic and social culture) began in the 1630s when the Dutch contested Iberian supremacy in the Caribbean and South Africa during their renewed struggle against the Habsburgs . For almost two centuries the European colonisation of lands on the African, American, and Asian continents was ideologically uncontested. Globalisation is all encompassing; from a village in India to an island in the Caribbean, its forces affect us all and its beat can sometimes be never ending . To make the large ideological construct of globalisation more tractable Modelski has identified the four main tenets of the globalising process: 3) Democratisation, or the creation of a global community; 4) The emergence of global political institutions. This essay will examine the various contemporary criticisms of globalisation under the Modelski categorizations. I start by analyzing some of the criticisms levied on the globalising effect of the capitalist economy. I will then examine the role mass media conglomerates play in shaping world opinion and creating a global community, finally I will appraise some of the pro and con arguments regarding the emergence of global political institutions. Throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many of the power nations in the worlds economy oper...

Diets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diets - Essay Example People with diseases such as diabetes need to refrain from eating a lot of carbohydrates. Rather, they should eat more whole grain, eat more poultry and fish and not red meat as well as reduce the amount of sugar they take in their body. They should refrain from eating or drinking food or drinks containing high levels of sodium (Chatham, 2012). Discuss Domino Effect (this is what I call this – this term is not in the text). How will not taking any measures versus taking action discussed for those items you discuss affect your health in the long term. Eating of fatty foods, less fruits and vegetables as well as increased amount of carbohydrates and sugar will lead to an increase in the calories in the body. It will also change the insulin and glucose level in the body leading to diabetes. This unhealthy eating and diet combined with the lack of exercise with increase fat in the blood vessels preventing the heart from pumping blood and this leads to cardiovascular diseases hence causing short life time. The domino effects comes in where the unhealthy eating habits and lack of exercise cause the body not to function properly and the systems of the body like the cardiovascular system start crashing. If however the diet mentioned above is maintained combined with regular exercises, then long life is bound to be

What was the Multi-Fibre Agreement China and the Multi-Fibre Agreement Essay

What was the Multi-Fibre Agreement China and the Multi-Fibre Agreement - Essay Example In 1962, a Long Term Agreement (LTA) regarding international trade in cotton textiles was signed. It replaced the one-year Short Term Agreement that existed at the time. LTA underwent several renewals and was subsequently replaced by the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) in 1974, which was expanded to cover exports of synthetic fibres and woolen products, besides cotton. MFA came into force to allocate export quotas to the low cost developing countries, limiting the amount of imports to countries whose domestic industries were facing serious challenge from rapidly increasing imports. It sought to expand trade, reduce barriers to trade and progressively liberalise world trade. The MFA regime existed for 25 years, until 1994 when the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations resulted in the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). The ATC sought to phase out all quota restrictions in four phases spread over a period of 10 years. The first three partial phase-outs were in January 1995, January 1998 and January 2002. The final one is due on January 01, 2005. This came into force along with the WTO framework for multilateral trade in 1995: stipulated that the quota system for textile exports and imports under the Multi-Fibres Agreement (MFA) was finally phased out on January 1, 2005. More specifically, in terms of the agreement, the transition period, which began in 1995, would be operative for ten years and, by the end of that time, all textiles and apparel articles will have to be brought under the GATT discipline, subject to the same rules, as are the products of other sectors. China and the Multi-Fibre Agreement: - China was a participant country of the MFA, the implications of the end of the MFA regime on world trade generally in textiles and apparel, also the projected impact on the Chinese textile and apparel industry. To set the perspective, the MFA was negotiated under GATT 1947 and was functional from 1974 to 1994. In the eyes of the USITC, the agreement was intended to deal with domestic market disruption in importing countries: that is, developed economies - while allowing the exporting, or developing, nations to expand their textile and apparel trade as much as possible. This was achieved by the MFA through the instrument of negotiating bilateral agreements on export quotas. Cotton fibre is considered as an agricultural product and therefore covered by the WTO agreement on agriculture. All other cotton-based products, such as yarn, weaves and other textile products were subject, until January 2005 to the Multi-fibres Agreement. That agreement which came into force in 1974 was intended to protect the textile industries of developed countries from the growing exports of developing countries by way of a system of quotas. The European Union's Cotton Textile Policy: - The EU cotton regime was put in place in 1981 when Greece joined the European Economic Community. The accession of Spain and Portugal in 1986 enlarged the number of countries covered by the WTO agreement on cotton. Aid was paid to cotton ginners on condition that cotton producers benefited from a minimum price per tone of cottonseeds. This system made it possible to protect producers from variations in world prices while enabling companies to sell cotton fiber at the international price. The aid per tone of cottonseeds was equal to the difference between the guide price (fixed every year) and the world market price. The payment of aid was limited to a maximum guaranteed quantity (MGQ) set annually. From 1987, a guide price cut-off system was introduced to protect growers from the risk of very big falls in the minimum price. The original cut-off was 15% but